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n was identified in plants grown on compost Natural products in 2007. In the presence of melilot, the effect of substrate was not substantial in either year. In the presence of melilot, the nitrogen concentration of knotweed rhizomes and roots only elevated in plants grown on compost in 2006, whilst in 2007, it elevated in plants grown on all substrates except for clayC. Though nitrogen concentrations in knotweed grown without having melilot had been equal for plants grown on all substrates, nitrogen concentrations had been highest in knotweed grown with melilot grown on the two lownutrient substrates, loess and clay . The effect of melilot was more pronounced in the second year on the experiment, particularly with respect to plants grown on clay, loess and clayCS.
In terms of nitrogen production , Natural products the highest levels in knotweed roots and rhizomes had been identified when plants had been grown on compost and on clayCS . These plants accumulated roughly 1 gram of nitrogen in their belowground structures, that is about twice as much as that observed in plants grown on clay and or loess. Carbon concentration in knotweed roots and rhizomes was not affected by the presence of melilot, except in plants grown on loess in 2006 . There was a positive correlation in between carbon as well as the concentrations of resveratrol derivatives in 2006, both in the absence and presence of melilot, suggesting that a substantial proportion of organic carbon was bound in resveratrol and its derivatives. Phosphorus in knotweed rhizomes showed similar values in 2006 as in 2007.
The concentration of phosphorus in melilot decreased in both years in plants grown on loess and clayC, and in plants grown on clay in 2006. However, Everolimus there was a distinct trend of decreased phosphorus levels in plants grown on all substrates. The highest concentration of phosphorus was identified in knotweed grown on compost with and without having melilot in both 2006 and 2007 . Exactly the same results had been obtained employing the production data resulting from the positive correlation in between phosphorus and knotweed biomass. Mycorrhizal colonisation was identified only in the roots of knotweed grown with melilot; melilot appeared to serve as a mycorrhiza donor for knotweed. A positive correlation was observed in between the mycorrhizal colonisation of knotweed and melilot biomass in both 2006 and 2007 , Fig. 8b. The mycorrhizal colonisation rate was greater in 2006, when the growth of melilot was not suppressed, than in 2007 .
In 2006, the lowest colonisation rate was identified in plants grown HSP on compost, whilst in 2007, plants grown Everolimus on clay with Conavit had the lowest rate of colonisation . In both years, the highest colonisation rate was identified in plants grown on nutrient poor substrates, clay and loess. Although the degree of mycorrhizal infection in melilot did not differ in between the substrates , there was a greater mycorrhizal colonisation of knotweed resulting from melilot when knotweed was grown on low nutrient substrates than when knotweed was grown on fertile substrates. Field experiment The growth rate and production of stilbene and emodin in the identical knotweed clone of R. bohemica had been examined below field conditions from 2006 to 2008 to investigate the potential for industrial cultivation.
Data serving to evaluate the biomass and production of stilbenes in between the field and pot conditions are shown in Natural products Figs. 9 and 10, respectively. Substrates in arable fields had been most similar towards the clay and loess substrates employed in the pot experiment, both Everolimus when it comes to particle size and chemical composition. Though the biomass values are comparable, the pot experiment yielded a reasonably high belowground biomass in the second year on the experiment , whereas comparable values were not reached by plants grown in the field until the third year . The in between year reduction of knotweed aboveground biomass observed in the pot experiment resulting from lateral branch reduction was not observed in the field. In the field, the following values had been measured in September 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively: 16, 20 and 100 g plant .
The content of stilbenes shown in Fig. 10 revealed a high seasonal transfer of biomass, as the values of spring belowground Everolimus biomass had been lower in both years than those on the preceding autumn. Thus, it truly is clear that the ideal time to harvest the belowground biomass of knotweed for stilbenes will be the autumn . The yield of stilbenes observed at the end on the third developing season is promising. Discussion Our three year fundamental field experiment enabled us to verify, below field conditions, several of the conclusions on the two factor pot experiment. The production of both knotweed biomass and stilbenes was comparable in the pots and in the field. The longer period essential to attain a substantial level biomass in the field was resulting from a lengthy period of summer time drought at the beginning on the field experiment. The field experiment, in which knotweed production reached 2.6 t dry mass per hectare, confirmed that several of the vast coalmine spoil banks is often employed for the targ